The endogenous oxytocin after manipulative osteopathic treatment in full-term pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess whether the touch of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can affect the endogenous production of oxytocin in full-term pregnant women and the assessment of well-being following the treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study have been enrolled 57 pregnant women at full-term pregnancy (37th-41st week) for evaluation of the concentration of salivary oxytocin 2 minutes before and 2 minutes after a single session of OMT by an osteopath lasting for 30 minutes. Pre-OMT and post-OMT saliva samples were collected with the use of Salivette® salivary swabs. 7 salivary swabs were excluded from the analysis. 50 samples were analyzed with an appropriate ELISA kit. RESULTS: The mean OT salivary concentration pre-OMT was 89.98±16.39, and post-OMT was 100.60±19.13 tends to increase with p=0.0000051. In multivariate analysis, two subgroups show interesting data in the mean difference in OT salivary concentration post-OMT: women with painful contractions (p=0.06) and women under 35 years (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the effectiveness of OMT-increasing endogenous oxytocin is statistically significant in full-term pregnant women. The sensation of well-being found in most women indicates that there has been a predominantly central rather than peripheral oxytocin release after OMT.

The structure of chemical vapor deposited graphene substrates for graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Defects and nanocrystalline grain structures play a critical role in graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS). In this study, we selected three types of few-layer, polycrystalline graphene films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and we tested them as GERS substrates. The graphene structure was controlled by decreasing the CVD temperature, thus obtaining (i) polycrystalline with negligible defect density, (ii) polycrystalline with high defect density, (iii) nanocrystalline. We applied rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule to investigate the Raman enhancement. Our results show that nanocrystalline graphene is the most sensitive GERS substrate, indicating that the GERS effect is primarily connected to the nanocrystalline structure, rather than to the presence of defects.

Severe Hypernatremia as Presentation of Netherton Syndrome.

Netherton syndrome is a rare, multisystem, autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by a triad of manifestations: congenital ichthyosis, immune dysregulation, and scalp anomalies. We report the case of a 1-month-old male infant evaluated for failure to thrive and feeding difficulties. At birth, the infant was admitted to intensive care for severe hypernatremia (natremia 186 mg/dL). Upon entering the ward, the general conditions were poor. He presented with diffuse erythrodermia. A dermatological evaluation showed evidence of "invaginated trichuriasis," a typical sign of Netherton syndrome. Netherton syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation causing loss of function of the SPINK5 gene it encodes for the LEKTI protein, normally expressed in epithelia. Loss of LEKTI induces severe skin barrier defect. The history of the disease is characterized by serious potential complications in the first months of life, such as the risk of hypernatremic dehydration induced by high skin permeability, recurrent and/or severe infections, and growth retardation.

The role of peritoneal lavage in benign gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic surgery offers many advantages compared to invasive surgery but one of the main problems is postoperative pain, partially resulting from the peritoneal inflammatory process mediated by inflammatory cytokines. The rationale of this study is that intraperitoneal washing could remove inflammatory mediators that are the cause of postoperative pain and could help in the removal of CO2 from the abdominal cavity. This article aims to analyze the effects of peritoneal lavage in the reduction of postoperative shoulder pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 277 patients enrolled to undergo laparoscopic gynecologic surgery were included in the study. Women are randomized into two groups, according to the use or non-use of peritoneal lavage with saline solution at the end of laparoscopic gynecological major procedures. RESULTS: Data show that the peritoneal lavage can significantly reduce postoperative pain in the first 36 hours after surgery, as well as patients' requests for analgesics: during the first 3 postoperative days, requests for paracetamol were lower in the YW (Yes Washing) group than the NW (No Washing) group (77 vs. 101; p<0.05); similar results are obtained considering ketorolac administration (62 vs. 71; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal lavage after gynecological laparoscopic procedures may be effective in the reduction of postoperative pain and use of analgesics.

Intramuscular migration of calcium deposits into the deltoid muscle: two cases of a rare complication of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy.

Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy is a common non-traumatic shoulder pain condition that occurs predominantly in the supraspinatus tendon. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous irrigation of calcific tendinopathy (US-PICT) is a valid treatment in the resorptive phase. A complication of calcific tendinopathy is migration of calcium deposits outside the tendon. The most common site of migration is the subacromialsubdeltoid bursa (SASD). Another, but not frequent, type of migration is the intramuscular migration which mostly affects the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus and the biceps brachii muscles. This paper reports two cases of migration of calcification from the supraspinatus tendon to the deltoid muscle. The aforementioned site of migration has so far never been described in literature. Both patients presented calcification in the resorptive phase and therefore were treated by US-PICT.

Evaluating the effect of COVID-19 incidence on Emergency Departments admissions. Results from a retrospective study in Central Italy during the first year of pandemic.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the Healthcare System, changing the patterns of Emergency Department access. In fact, accesses for trauma and less severe cases decreased significantly. This decline has generally been attributed to both the effects of the lockdown, imposed by the government, and the fear of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital. However, the correlation between these elements is not yet clear, since the accesses to the Emergency Department did not increase either at the end of the lockdown or in the summer when the epidemiological situation was more favorable. Aim: To evaluate the association between trends of Emergency Department accesses and COVID-19 incidence in 2020. Methods: Data on Emergency Department accesses, by month and severity triage code, from 14 hospitals in southeastern Tuscany (Italy) were obtained from hospitals' data warehouse. Official data on new cases of COVID-19 infection were used to calculate incidence. Hospitals were classified into 4 categories. Differences in Emergency Department access by month, triage code, and hospital type were investigated using Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Association between Emergency Department accesses and COVID-19 incidence was evaluated using a random-effect panel data analysis, adjusting for hospital type and triage code. Results: The trend of 268,072 Emergency Department accesses decreases substantially at the first pandemic peak; thereafter, it increased and decreased again until the minimum peak in November 2020. COVID-19 incidence appeared to be overlapping with an inverse direction. Monthly differences were significant (p<0.01) except for most severe codes. There was a significant inverse association between Emergency Department accesses and COVID-19 incidence (Coef. =-0.074, p<0.001) except for most severe cases (triage code 1: Coef. =-0.028, p=0.154). Conclusion: Emergency Department admissions trend followed the COVID-19 incidence, except for the most severe cases. Fear of infection seems to discourage patients from accessing Emergency Department for illnesses perceived as not serious.

Safer school with near-UV technology: novel applications for environmental hygiene.

Systems capable of disinfecting air and surfaces could reduce the risk of infectious diseases transmission. Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of near-UV LED ceiling lamps, with a wavelength of 405 nm, in improving environmental hygiene. Between November and December 2020, we conducted an experimental study having a pre-post design in a kindergarten room in Siena where 4 ceiling lamps with 405 nm LED technology were installed. Twice per day, sampling was performed before (T0) and after treatment with near-UV (T1). We used between 8 and 12 pairs of contact plates to sample at various random spots each day. Air samplings were also performed. The plates were incubated at 22 and 36 °C. Significance was set at 95% (p < 0.05). The mean level of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) at T(0) was 249 (95% CI 193.1 - 305.0) at 36 °C and 535.2 (374.3 - 696.1) at 22 °C. The reduction was significant at T(1): by 65% at 36 °C and, 72% at 22 °C. Also, for air contamination: 95.3% (98.4-92.3). A dose threshold of about 5 J/cm2 was identified to have an 80% CFU abatement and remains nearly constant. The advantage of being able to use this technology in the presence of people is very important in the context of controlling environmental contamination.

Disinfecting Slush Machines by an Innovative Near Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode (UV LED) Technological System.

Background: Microbial contamination of food and beverages is a topic of great interest. The most innovative technologies take advantage from UV light. This study aimed to evaluate a possible configuration of a nUV LED device at a wavelength of 405 nm installed on slush machines in order to reduce the microbial contamination. Study Design and Methods: Study Design and Methods. The study was conducted in the Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy. A nUV LED device with 408 nm wavelength was installed and used on the slush machines. The inner walls of the machine tanks were fouled with contaminated slush, to evaluate the effectiveness of nUV radiation in reducing microbial contamination over time. Results: Experiment results on the slush machine showed a statistically significant logarithmic microbial reduction, in relation with the distance from the nUV LED light source. It has also been shown that the reduction of microbes is possible with a proper management of some parameters: the exposure time, the power and wavelength of the light source, the distance and the obstacles between the light source and the target to be irradiated. Conclusion: To reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases it is necessary to take all necessary precautionary measures, and the use of nUV technology has proved to be a crucial element in achieving this goal.

Improvement and standardization of disinfection in hospital theatre with ultraviolet-C technology.

BACKGROUND: The level of disinfection between operating sessions is important to prevent cross-contamination risk in operating theatres. AIM: To assess the difference in microbial contamination between different disinfection levels, before (T0) and after (T1) application of a UVC device (UVC-D). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2019 and August 2020 in a clinic. Three disinfection levels - no disinfection after surgery, after in-between cleaning, and after terminal cleaning - were compared to assess the reduction of microbial presence at T0 and T1 according to the use of UVC-D for 3-5 min per bedside. A total of 260 Petri dishes, divided into a preliminary phase followed by a probabilistic model-driven experiment, were used in three operating theatres, and colony-forming units (cfu) were counted. The Mann-Whitney test was performed in the preliminary phase to establish UVC exposure time. Using the probabilistic model, descriptive statistics and percentage and log10 reduction were calculated. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for repeated measures was performed to verify the 95% statistical difference between T0 and T1, combined with the disinfection levels and different operating theatres. FINDINGS: The Mann-Whitney test showed no cfu difference between 3 and 5 min of UVC exposure time; the MANOVA test showed no significant difference between disinfection levels in T0 - T1 cfu reduction with a mean cfu reduction of 72% (95% confidence interval: 61.7-84.9) regardless of the disinfection level applied previously. CONCLUSION: UVC-D has improved environmental disinfection in all initial conditions. Together with the classic sanitizing procedures already present, it improves and standardizes the level of environmental hygiene.

Nitrogen dioxide pollution increases vulnerability to COVID-19 through altered immune function.

Previous ecological studies suggest the existence of possible interplays between the exposure to air pollutants and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Confirmations at individual level, however, are lacking. To explore the relationships between previous exposure to particulate matter < 10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the clinical outcome following hospital admittance, and lymphocyte subsets in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. In 147 geocoded patients, we assessed the individual exposure to PM10 and NO2 in the 2 weeks before hospital admittance. We divided subjects according to the clinical outcome (i.e., discharge at home vs in-hospital death), and explored the lymphocyte-related immune function as an index possibly affecting individual vulnerability to the infection. As compared with discharged subjects, patients who underwent in-hospital death presented neutrophilia, lymphopenia, lower number of T CD45, CD3, CD4, CD16/56 + CD3 + , and B CD19 + cells, and higher previous exposure to NO2, but not PM10. Age and previous NO2 exposure were independent predictors for mortality. NO2 concentrations were also negatively related with the number of CD45, CD3, and CD4 cells. Previous NO2 exposure is a co-factor independently affecting the mortality risk in infected individuals, through negative immune effects. Lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte subsets might precede viral infection due to nonmodifiable (i.e., age) and external (i.e., air pollution) factors. Thus, decreasing the burden of air pollutants should be a valuable primary prevention measure to reduce individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality.

Reducing waiting times of elective surgical procedures: effectiveness evaluation of a multi-interventions approach.

Background: Increasing waiting times for elective surgery is a major concern for policymakers and healthcare staff in many countries, due to its effect on health, patient satisfaction and the perceived quality of health-care. Many organizational models to reduce surgical waiting times have been studied, but the international literature indicates that multidimensional interventions on different aspects of the surgical pathway can be more effective in reducing waiting times than interventions focused on optimizing a single aspect. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multidimensional intervention in reducing waiting times for elective surgery. Study design: We used a pre-post approach to evaluate the effect of a multidimensional project to reduce waiting times and lists. Methods: In a district general hospital (Italy) with three elective surgery operating rooms open 6 hours/day, 5 days/week (surgery specialties: general surgery, orthopaedics, gynaecology and urology), a project for reducing surgery waiting times was implemented in October 2018. The project focused on three aspects: i) separation of the flow of day surgery from that of ordinary surgery; ii) increasing available operating time by reorganizing the staff; iii) allocation of operating sessions flexibly in proportion to the waiting list. Waiting times for surgery in the periods 1/10/2019-31/12/2019 and 1/10/2018-31/12/2018 were compared by t test. Results: Waiting times for non-high-priority cases shortened significantly for all specialities (p<0.01), ex-cept for urology. For general surgery, orthopaedics and gynaecology, mean waiting times for day surgery decreased from 198 to 100 days (-50%) and for ordinary operations from 213 to 134 days (-37%). Waiting times for high-priority cases also shortened. Conclusions: Our multidimensional project based on reorganization of staff and facilities and on improved scheduling proved effective in reducing waiting times for elective surgery.

Wind of change: Better air for microbial environmental control.

Background: The COVID19 epidemic highlighted the importance of air in the transmission of pathogens. Air disinfection is one of the key points to reduce the risk of transmission both in the health sector and in public, civil and industrial environments. All bacteria and viruses tested to date can be inactivated by UV-C rays. Laboratory tested UV-C systems are increasingly popular and proposed as effective technologies for air purification; few studies have evaluated their performance in populated indoor environments. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of a UV-C disinfection system for air in a real working context. Methods: This experimental study was conducted between December 2020 and February 2021 in an office of the Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine of the University of Siena, Italy. A pre-final version air purifier (Cleaning Air T12), capable of treating 210 m3/h of air, was first tested for its ability to filter particulates and reduce microbial air contamination in the absence of people. Subsequently, the experiments were conducted in the presence of 3-5 subjects who worked for several hours in an office. During the tests, microbiological samples of air were collected in real time, switching the system on and off periodically. Air samples were collected and incubated on Petri dishes at 36 °C and 22 °C. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata 16 software assuming a significance level of 95%. An interpolating model was identified to describe the dynamics of contamination reduction when the device operates. Results: Preliminary tests showed a significant 62.5% reduction in Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) with 36 °C incubation. Reductions in the particulate component were also observed. In the main test, comparison of CFU data, between the device-on phase (90 min) and the subsequent device-off phase (60 min), showed statistically significant increase (p = 0.001) of environmental contamination passing from a mean of 86.6 (65.8-107.4) to 171.1 (143.9-198.3) CFU/m3, that is a rise of about 100%. The interpolating model exhibited a good fit of CFU reduction trend with the device on. Conclusions: The system, which mainly uses UV-C lamps for disinfection, was able to significantly reduce environmental and human contamination in real time. Experimental tests have shown that as soon as the device is switched off, after at least half an hour of operation, the healthiness of the air decreases drastically within 10 minutes, bringing the airborne microbial contamination (induced by the presence of operators in the environment) to levels even higher than 150% of the last value with the device on. Re-engineering strategies for system improvement were also discussed.

[An integrated approach for better contamination control in hospital settings]. / Un approccio integrato per un miglior controllo della contaminazione in contesti ospedalieri.

Disinfection of hospital environments is a cornerstone of intervention strategies to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. Many studies show that standard cleaning procedures are not sufficient for proper disinfection of hospital environments and that the addition of no-touch technologies, such us ultraviolet light, can provide deeper sanitisation. This study aims to test whether the application of ultraviolet light after standard procedures improves hygiene levels in the shortest possible time and shows the degree of contamination before and after irradiation. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a real clinical setting in rehabilitation rooms of a contracted clinic "Rugani Hospital" in Monteriggioni (SI), Italy, between December 2019 and August 2020.the study was carried out according to the following protocol: i) quantization of contamination of 12 selected target points in room; ii) attribution to the points of a probability of contamination risk; iii) sampling of a subset of 6 points with probabilistic assignment; iv) evaluation of the pre-post disinfection environmental hygiene using a UV-C system. For the pre-post statistical analysis the non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used; the multivariate MANOVA was used to verify the role of different confounders, with post hoc Bonferroni test. Probabilistic calculations minimised the samplings required to conclude that the application of the ultraviolet light device reduced the level of contamination in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.01) when comparing pre- and post-exposure, with less irradiation time than indicated by the manufacturer.

[Permanent environmental disinfection techniques in hospital settings with infectious risk]. / Tecniche di disinfezione ambientale permanente negli ambienti ospedalieri a rischio infettivo.

While the world's economies avoid the COVID-19 pandemic blockade, there is an urgent need for technologies aimed at reducing the transmission of COVID-19 in confined spaces such as hospital environments. Although the cleaning and disinfection procedures now have rather complex and sophisticated weapons, they do not seem to be sufficient to continuously maintain low levels of environmental microbiological contamination. This result can now be achieved through the cross-use, in space and time, of improved, more efficient and effective technologies. This result can now be achieved through the cross-use, in space and time, of improved technologies. This work highlights the possibility of crossing and cooperation of different disinfection techniques, such as to keep the microbial and viral load low over time.

Rapid detection of Legionella spp in water samples by ScanVIT method: comparison of acid vs heat treatment.

BACKGROUND: A rapid detection of Legionella bacteria in water samples is crucial to minimize the risk of acquiring infections, especially in health care facilities. Different detection methods and different decontamination procedures have been reported to affect the recovery of Legionella spp. Our goal was to test the recovery of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella non-pneumophila species using a kit based on non-specific and species-specific probes to treat water samples after two different decontamination procedures. METHODS: The study was conducted with samples collected in the teaching hospital "Le Scotte" of Siena (Italy). Waters samples were analyzed by: i) ScanVIT method after treatment with acids; ii) ScanVIT method after heating; and iii) cultural standard method after heating. The results of the decontamination procedures and the detection methods were evaluated by comparing the number of Legionella-positive and -negative samples, and the recovery rates (CFU l-1) obtained by ScanVIT and the standard method. RESULTS: We find that ScanVIT method is highly sensitive with both decontamination treatments, yielding a higher recovery of L. pneumophila compared to the standard method. Conversely, ScanVIT associated with the acid-treatment yielded the highest recovery of L. non-pneumophila. CONCLUSIONS: The acid-treatment combined to the ScanVIT method increases the recovery of L. non-pneumophila in water samples compared to both ScanVIT associated with heat-treatment and standard culture method. Thus, this method may represent the best choice to detect L. non-pneumophila in water samples and reduce the risk of infection due to underestimation of Legionella loads.

Natural Radioactivity of the Crystalline Basement Rocks of the Peloritani Mountains (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy): Measurements and Radiological Hazard.

Crystalline rocks can produce dangerous radiation levels on the basis of their content in radioisotopes. Here, we report radiological data from 10 metamorphic and igneous rock samples collected from the crystalline basement of the Peloritani Mountains (southern Italy). In order to evaluate the radiological properties of these rocks, the gamma radiation and the radon emanation have been measured. Moreover, since some of these rocks are employed as building materials, we assess the potential hazard for population connected to their use. Gamma spectroscopy was used to measure the 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration, whereas the radon emanation was investigated by using a RAD 7 detector. The results show 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentration values ranging from (17 ± 4) to (56 ± 8) Bq kg-1, (14 ± 3) to (77 ± 14) Bq kg-1 and (167 ± 84) to (1760 ± 242) Bq kg-1, respectively. Values of the annual effective dose equivalent outdoor range from 0.035 to 0.152 mSv y-1, whereas the gamma index is in the range of 0.22-0.98. The 222Rn emanation coefficient and the 222Rn surface exhalation rate vary from (0.63 ± 0.3) to (8.27 ± 1.6)% and from (0.12 ± 0.03) to (2.75 ± 0.17) Bq m-2 h-1, respectively. The indoor radon derived from the building use of these rocks induces an approximate contribution to the annual effective dose ranging from 8 to 176 µSv y-1. All the obtained results suggest that the crystalline rocks from the Peloritani Mountains are not harmful for the residential population, even though they induce annual effective doses due to terrestrial gamma radiation above the worldwide average values. Moreover, their use as building materials does not produce significant health hazards connected to the indoor radon exposure.

Kocuria kristinae: an emerging pathogen in medical practice.

Introduction. Kocuria kristinae is becoming a growing public health challenge, especially for its ability to cause infections in immunocompromised patients. This bacterium is a Gram+coccus, catalase+, coagulase, and it is a common inhabitant of skin and oral mucosa.Aim. To investigate the spectrum of infections caused by K. K ristinae.Methodology. Between January-March 2018, we carried out a systematic search in PubMed utilizing the key search term 'Kocuria kristinae'. The selection criteria for studies were studies reporting cases of human infections due to K. kristinae, case-control and cohort studies and studies published in English or Spanish.Results. The literature search yielded 48 publications: after title, abstract and full-text analysis, 20 papers were consistent with the selection criteria. These studies were carried out in the period 2001-2017 in the USA, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Ukraine, Egypt, Bahrain, Serbia, India, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Mexico. K. kristinae was involved in 17 cases of central venous catheter-related bacteremia, four infective endocarditis, three acute peritonitis, one abdominal abscess, umbilical sepsis, acute cholecystitis and urinary tract infection. Additionally, K. kristinae was found in 40 % of carious cavities, although it is not clear whether they are directly involved in the development of caries. Antibiotic susceptibility testing has sometimes revealed multi-drug resistance.Conclusions. The clinical spectrum of K. kristinae infections has recently widened. The increasing spread of this underestimated bacterium and its resistance to antibiotics represent a new challenge for public health, which requires specific actions to limit it.

Guided mode resonance flat-top bandpass filter for terahertz telecom applications.

In this work, we design and experimentally demonstrate a novel terahertz (THz) filter exhibiting a flattened spectral response in the atmospheric transmission window around the central frequency of 300 GHz. The innovative concept behind this filter is the coupling of Fabry-Perot and guided mode resonances. The latter arise from a two-dimensional patch array patterned on an aluminum layer deposited on a low loss cyclo-olefin polymer. The filter experimental performance shows high transmittance in the flat-top band, with less than 3 dB losses, and high out-of-band rejection, as theoretically expected. This kind of component provides a cost-effective, functional solution for narrowband filtering in emerging THz devices and systems with possible applications in wireless telecommunications.

Aerobic exercise and Orexin A: role of sympathetic activity and redox system.

Aerobic exercise is associated with the sympathetic activation evoking adaptive responses to sustain muscle engagement. Physical exercise can cause alterations in the cardiovascular activity and cellular stress may occur which could be marked by either heart rate (HR), or galvanic skin response (GSR). Moderate plasma levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as health markers, absolving to important roles such as adaptive cellular responses to exercise. Orexin A, a hypothalamic peptide, causes a widespread stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, playing a role in many physiological functions.